Problems in Water Treatment – And How to Solve Them

Problems in Water Treatment – And How to Solve Them

Water treatment plants often face challenges that affect efficiency and output quality. Whether it’s an STP, ETP, CETP, or industrial system, understanding these problems and applying the right solutions can greatly improve plant performance. Here are the most common issues and how to fix them:

1. High BOD & COD Levels

Problem:
Organic load is not broken down properly, resulting in high BOD/COD and poor-quality treated water.

Solution:

  • Increase aeration and maintain DO above 2 mg/L

  • Add bioculture to boost microbial activity

  • Maintain pH between 6.5 – 8.5

  • Reduce chemical shock loads

2. Bad Odour in Tanks

Problem:
Foul smell is caused by anaerobic conditions, sludge accumulation, or toxic inflow.

Solution:

  • Ensure continuous aeration

  • Dose bioculture to suppress foul odour

  • Keep the sludge age under control

  • Prevent stagnant water in corners

3. Excess Sludge Formation

Problem:
Too much sludge reduces tank capacity and increases disposal cost.

Solution:

  • Add high-efficiency microbial culture for sludge reduction

  • Maintain correct MLSS levels

  • Optimize sludge recirculation rate

  • Avoid overfeeding wastewater with high solids

4. Foaming in Aeration Tank

Problem:
Foam appears due to detergents, low nutrients, septicity, or filamentous bacteria.

Solution:

  • Balance nutrients (BOD:N:P = 100:5:1)

  • Reduce detergent entry

  • Maintain steady and uniform aeration

  • Dose anti-foam or bioculture as needed

5. Turbidity & Poor Clarity in Treated Water

Problem:
High TSS and unclear water indicate poor settling or weak floc formation.

Solution:

  • Use coagulants/flocculants for better settling

  • Maintain optimum MLSS

  • Improve biological activity with bioculture

  • Adjust sludge return rate

6. Low Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Levels

Problem:
Insufficient oxygen slows down bacterial activity and causes odour and poor treatment.

Solution:

  • Increase blower efficiency

  • Clean diffusers regularly

  • Avoid overloading the aeration tank

  • Maintain DO at 2 mg/L or more

7. Algal Growth in Tanks

Problem:
Exposure to sunlight causes algal blooms, affecting water quality.

Solution:

  • Use tank covers or shade

  • Maintain proper chlorine levels in treated water

  • Reduce nutrient-rich wastewater entering tanks

Conclusion

Most water treatment challenges can be solved with:
✔ Proper aeration
✔ Regular monitoring
✔ Balanced nutrients
✔ High-quality bioculture
✔ Controlled sludge management

With the right approach, any treatment plant can operate smoothly and achieve crystal-clear, compliant treated water.

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